Ήταν ο αγαπημένος ποιητής μιας ολόκληρης γενιάς προοδευτικών ανθρώπων και λογοτεχνών. Τιμήθηκε με το βραβείο Ειρήνης του Λένιν το 1959.
Ο Κώστας Βάρναλης γεννήθηκε στις 14 Φεβρουαρίου του 1883 στον Πύργο (Μπουργκάς) της Βουλγαρίας, όπου και βίωσε το κλίμα του ελληνοτουρκικού πολέμου του 1897. Από νεαρή ηλικία έδειξε την κλήση του για τα γράμματα. Φοίτησε στην Φιλοσοφική Σχολή του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών και έλαβε μέρος στη διαμάχη για το Γλωσσικό Ζήτημα ως υποστηρικτής των δημοτικιστών. Για χρόνια εργάσθηκε ως καθηγητής στη δημόσια μέση εκπαίδευση και έλαβε υποτροφία για μετεκπαίδευση στο Παρίσι το 1919. Κατά τη διάρκεια της παραμονής του στη Γαλλία παρακολούθησε μαθήματα φιλοσοφίας, φιλολογίας, κοινωνιολογίας και αισθητικής, ενώ ήρθε σε επαφή με τα προοδευτικά ιδεολογικά ρεύματα του μαρξισμού και του διαλεκτικού υλισμού και τον επαναστατικό αέρα του μεσοπολέμου.
Οι αριστερές ιδέες έγιναν έκδηλες στην ποίησή του, κάτι που αργότερα του κόστισε τη δουλειά του στο δημόσιο, απ’ όπου τον απέλυσε η δικτατορία του Πάγκαλου το 1925. Χωρίς προοπτική ακαδημαϊκής καριέρας στρέφεται στη δημοσιογραφία, μελετώντας παράλληλα όλα τα φιλοσοφικά ρεύματα και μεταφράζοντας έργα της κλασικής ελληνικής και ξένης λογοτεχνίας (Αριστοφάνης, Ευριπίδης, Μολιέρος κ.α.).
Το 1905 εκδίδει την πρώτη του ποιητική συλλογή «Κηρήθρες». Το 1907 συμμετείχε στην ίδρυση του ποιητικού περιοδικού Ηγησώ. Από τα πιο σημαντικά έργα του είναι «Το φως που καίει» (το οποίο εξέδωσε το 1922 στην Αλεξάνδρεια, με το ψευδώνυμο Δήμος Τανάλιας), η συλλογή αφηγημάτων «Ο λαός των μουνούχων» (1923), το κριτικό δοκίμιο «Ο Σολωμός χωρίς μεταφυσική» (1925), το ποιητικό «Σκλάβοι πολιορκημένοι» (1927), το αφηγηματικό «Η αληθινή απολογία του Σωκράτη» (1931) κ.α. Τη διετία 1956-1958 κυκλοφόρησαν τα άπαντά του σε τρεις τόμους και έκτοτε η παραγωγή του περιορίστηκε στο ελάχιστο.
Ο Κώστας Βάρναλης θεωρείται, ίσως και ο μοναδικός, κοινωνικός ποιητής και συγγραφέας. Στο έργο του δεν υπάρχουν τα ίχνη ενός διανοουμενισμού, όπως συχνά συναντάμε σε ανάλογες περιπτώσεις. Το ισχυρό ταλέντο του μετέβαλλε σε καθαρή «λαϊκή» τέχνη και σπαρταριστό υλικό οποιαδήποτε ιδέα ή ιδεολογία βρισκόταν στην αφετηρία της δημιουργίας του, μιλώντας στις καρδιές και των πιο απλών «προλεταρίων». Η ασυμβίβαστα κοινωνική στρατευμένη τέχνη του ήταν ο λόγος που τιμήθηκε με το Βραβείο Ειρήνης του Λένιν το 1959.
Έγραφε στη δημοτική, με καλά επιμελημένη μορφή και πλαστικότητα στην έκφραση. Το έργο του χαρακτηρίζεται από θερμή λυρική φαντασία και σατιρική διάθεση με ενδιαφέρον για τον σύγχρονο άνθρωπο. Η ποίηση του, ιδιαίτερα, χαρακτηρίζεται από έντονο «διονυσιασμό», παιχνιδιάρικη διάθεση και βαθύ μουσικό αίσθημα που συνδυάζεται άριστα με τη σάτιρα.
Πέθανε στις 16 Δεκεμβρίου του 1974 πλήρης ημερών και έχοντας δρέψει τις δάφνες του, που δεν ήταν άλλες από την αγάπη του λαού. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί η καλλιτεχνική σημασία των μεταφράσεων του Αριστοφάνους, με τον όποιο τον συνέδεε μια πηγαία αγάπη προς τις άσεμνολογίες ή, όπως ο ίδιος έλεγε, τις ελευθεροστομίες.
Πηγή: https://tvxs.gr/news/
Η Μπαλάντα του κυρ-Mέντιου (από τα Ποιητικά, O Kέδρος 1956)
Δε λυγάνε τα ξεράδια
και πονάνε τα ρημάδια!
Kούτσα μια και κούτσα δυο,
της ζωής το ρημαδιό.
Mεροδούλι, ξενοδούλι!
Δέρναν ούλοι: αφέντες, δούλοι•
ούλοι: δούλοι, αφεντικό
και μ’ αφήναν νηστικό.
Tα παιδιά, τα καλοπαίδια,
παραβγαίνανε στην παίδεια, 10
με κοτρώνια στα ψαχνά,
φούχτες μύγα στ’ αχαμνά!
Aνωχώρι, Kατωχώρι,
ανηφόρι, κατηφόρι
και με κάμα και βροχή,
ώσπου μού βγαινε η ψυχή.
Eίκοσι χρονώ γομάρι
σήκωσα όλο το νταμάρι
κ’ έχτισα, στην εμπασιά
του χωριού, την εκκλησιά. 20
Kαι ζεβγάρι με το βόδι
(άλλο μπόι κι άλλο πόδι)
όργωνα στα ρέματα
τ’ αφεντός τα στρέμματα.
Kαι στον πόλεμ’ “όλα για όλα”
κουβαλούσα πολυβόλα
να σκοτώνονται οι λαοί
για τ’ αφέντη το φαΐ.
Kαι γι’ αφτόνε τον ερίφη
εκουβάλησα τη νύφη 30
και την προίκα της βουνό,
την τιμή της ουρανό!
Aλλ’ εμένα σε μια σφήνα
μ’ έδεναν το Mάη το μήνα
στο χωράφι το γυμνό
να γκαρίζω, να θρηνώ.
Kι ο παπάς με την κοιλιά του
μ’ έπαιρνε για τη δουλειά του
και μου μίλαε κουνιστός:
― Σε καβάλησε ο Xριστός! 40
Δούλεβε για να στουμπώσει
όλ’ η Xώρα κ’ οι Kαμπόσοι.
Mη ρωτάς το πώς και τί,
να ζητάς την αρετή!
― Δε βαστάω! Θα πέσω κάπου!
― Nτράπου! Tις προγόνοι ντράπου!
― Aντραλίζομαι!… Πεινώ!…
― Σουτ! Θα φας στον ουρανό!
K’ έλεα: όταν μιαν ημέρα
παρασφίξουνε τα γέρα, 50
θα ξεκουραστώ κ’ εγώ,
του θεού τ’ αβασταγό!
Όχι ξύλο! Φόρτωμα όχι!
Θα μου δώσουνε μια κόχη,
λίγο πιόμα και σανό,
σύνταξη τόσω χρονώ!
Kι όταν ένα καλό βράδι
θα τελειώσει μου το λάδι
κι αμολήσω την πνοή
(ένα πουφ! είν’ η ζωή), 60
η ψυχή μου θενά δράμει
στη ζεστή αγκαλιά τ’ Aβράμη,
τ’ άσπρα, τ’ αχερένια του
να φιλάει τα γένια του!…
Γέρασα κι ως δε φελούσα
κι αχαΐρευτος κυλούσα,
με πετάξανε μακριά
να με φάνε τα θεριά.
Kωλοσούρθηκα και βρίσκω
στη σπηλιά τον Άη Φραγκίσκο: 70
-“Xαίρε φως αληθινόν
και προστάτη των κτηνών!
Σώσε το γέρο κυρ Mέντη
απ’ την αδικιά τ’ αφέντη
συ που δίδαξες αρνί
τον κυρ λύκο να γενεί!
Tο σκληρόν αφέντη κάνε
από λύκο άνθρωπο κάνε!…”
Mα με την κουβέντ’ αφτή
πόρτα μού κλεισε κι αφτί. 80
Tότενες το μάβρο φίδι
το διπλό του το γλωσσίδι
πίσου από την αστοιβιά
βγάζει και κουνάει με βια:
― “Φως ζητάνε τα χαϊβάνια
κ’ οι ραγιάδες απ’ τα ουράνια,
μα θεοί κι οξαποδώ
κει δεν είναι παρά δω.
Aν το δίκιο θες, καλέ μου,
με το δίκιο του πολέμου 90
θα το βρείς. Oπού ποθεί
λεφτεριά, παίρνει σπαθί.
Mη χτυπάς τον αδερφό σου –
τον αφέντη τον κουφό σου!
Kαι στον ίδρο το δικό
γίνε συ τ’ αφεντικό.
Xάιντε θύμα, χάιντε ψώνιο,
χάιντε Σύμβολον αιώνιο!
Aν ξυπνήσεις, μονομιάς
θά ρτει ανάποδα ο ντουνιάς. 100
Kοίτα! Oι άλλοι έχουν κινήσει
κ’ έχ’ η πλάση κοκκινήσει
κι άλλος ήλιος έχει βγει
σ’ άλλη θάλασσ’, άλλη γη”.
Σύνταξη
Πολυξένη Γκιούρη
03/03/2019
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